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Adult ADHD and Comorbid Disorders Many adults with ADHD have comorbid conditions like major depression (Kessler et al 2006). Many patients do not respond to medication for depression and may be able to benefit from psychotherapy. Neurotransmitters are brain chemicals that regulate and increase levels of certain brain chemicals. Drugs that stimulate the brain such as methylphenidate or amphetamine are frequently prescribed. Medicines Adults can take a variety of medications to treat ADHD in children. The dosages and the side effects differ. A doctor will consider the medical history of the patient, family history, and other health conditions to determine what medication is best for him or her. The most commonly used type of ADHD medication is a stimulant. It works by adjusting levels of two chemical messengers within the brain, namely norepinephrine and dopamine. Stimulants like methylphenidate (also known as Adderall), and dextroamphetamine boost the supply of neurotransmitters that help improve focus, reduce impulsivity, and decrease aggression. These stimulants are available in various forms, such as skin patches, liquids, and chewable tablets. Long-acting versions of these stimulants are preferable because they provide greater patient compliance and a longer lasting and smoother improvement in symptoms. It is important to keep in mind that comorbidities like anxiety and depression can influence the response to ADHD medication. Therefore, it is recommended that these psychiatric problems be treated first, and medication be used as a second measure. The medications that can be utilized for comorbidity disorders include atomoxetine (Bupropion), tricyclic antidepressants as well as bupropion (Wilens 2004). Certain patients may experience a “rebound” effect where they experience an increase in ADHD symptoms after stopping stimulant medications. In these instances, a short trial of a low dosage of stimulant medication can be helpful. Some people are unable to take stimulant medication or take it due to drug misuse or other health conditions like severe hypertension or heart issues. In these situations, nonstimulant medications such as atomoxetine and viloxazine may be beneficial. These medications don't cause the same level of side effects as stimulants and have lower risks of abuse and diversion. Psychotherapy People suffering from ADHD can benefit from psychotherapy (talk therapy). It can help them develop skills to improve their life, deal with stress and anxiety, resolve conflicts, and cope with issues in relationships or at work. It can also help with co-existing mental illnesses like depression and addiction disorders. Talk therapies include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, and schema therapy. These therapies are based upon the notion that thoughts and beliefs influence how a person is feeling, thinks and behaves. CBT assists individuals in identifying negative patterns of behavior and thoughts and then devise and implement positive strategies to change these. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy uses meditation techniques to teach people how to focus on their emotions and thoughts, manage their impulses, and improve their executive functioning. Schema therapy, along with other forms of psychotherapy that concentrate on the family history of a person could be beneficial for people with ADHD. Psychotherapy, as well as medication, can assist with specific ADHD problems, such as difficulty keeping up with schoolwork or interacting with others. It can also assist in avoiding important dates and responsibilities and making impulsive decisions that can result in legal and financial issues. It can assist a person overcome issues of the underlying nature, such as anxiety and depression that could contribute to their ADHD symptoms. Psychotherapy can help people find healthy strategies for coping and decrease stress. For instance exercising, improving sleep and healthy eating habits. It can also provide support to a spouse or family member who may be dealing with the effects of ADHD on their relationship. Marriage and family therapy can help couples and families communicate better and understand how to manage ADHD symptoms together. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy CBT is a kind of psychotherapy that focuses on transforming the patterns of negative thinking of the client. It uses skill-based dialogue with an experienced mental health professional (a therapist) to address the root causes of their symptoms. The aim of this therapy is to eliminate impairments and implement coping strategies that are compatible with the daily routine of the client. Therapists who specialize in adult ADHD-CBT show clients how to identify unhelpful thinking patterns and assist them to learn to replace them with more productive thoughts. Discover More Here can take time. It's a possibility for those who cannot receive enough relief from their medications. A recent RCT study concluded that when combined with medication, CBT is superior to cognitive behavioral therapy on its own in improving the emotional symptoms, core symptoms, self-esteem and social functioning in adults with ADHD (Clarke and colleagues., 2017). CBT coupled with methylphenidate could be particularly effective for those who suffer from more serious underlying issues. Therapists who offer this kind of treatment work with their clients to create an action plan to address their specific problems. They typically teach them the fundamentals of therapy that are easy to apply and have a high chance of success. Charts are often used to track progress and to reward positive behavior. This could be a daily report for a child that outlines the tasks they must complete in school or the positive behavior that must be exhibited, and an approach to tracking and rewarding. Therapists can also talk about the possibility that negative consequences could be introduced when a child does not complete their task. This can be done with sensitivity and encouragement. Metacognitive Therapy A newer form of therapy, metacognitive therapy, helps individuals change how they think. This type of treatment can be beneficial for people who suffer from a variety of mental health issues which include depression. It is a form of cognitive behavioral therapy which assists people in recognizing negative thinking patterns and their effects on their emotions. This kind of therapy helps individuals develop psychological tools that can be versatile and useful. This study was designed to investigate the relationship between metacognitive capabilities and daily functioning among adults suffering from ADHD. To this end, we compared the self- and informant-rated impairments in daily functioning to the indicators of metacognition (comprehensive knowledge as well as regulation of cognition, debugging, information management and evaluation). It was discovered that comprehensive knowledge was related to daily functioning in adults with ADHD but that the processes of regulation were not. Metacognition predictors had a moderate predictive power, which suggests that they could explain an important amount of variation in the daily functioning of adults with ADHD. Metacognitive therapy (MCT) is a form of psychotherapy which focuses on changing metacognitive beliefs that cause states of worry, rumination and attention fixation. MCT was created by Adrian Wells based on an information processing model by Wells and Gerald Matthews. One case series has demonstrated the effectiveness of MCT in managing illness anxiety, but it's still a relatively new concept and more research is required to determine its effectiveness in other disorders. This study was created to assess the effectiveness of MCT in the reduction of symptoms of illness anxiety disorder, however it can be applied to a range of disorders, and may be more effective than other treatments. It's important to keep in mind that this isn't a cure for ADHD, but it can be used as an adjunctive therapy. Family Therapy In family therapy, therapists work with all family members. Everyone is able to better understand the issues of the client and learn how to help their loved ones. It also assists them in dealing with their anger and develop better communication skills. Additionally, this type of counseling can be helpful for addressing comorbidities such as depression and substance misuse which are often found in conjunction with ADHD. The therapist will start with an intake session to gain a better understanding of the family's perception and determine if they're suitable for family intervention. The session can be conducted in person or via the internet. The therapist will discuss the nature of treatment with each person and spell out the do's and don'ts of family therapy. A therapist with worked with adults suffering from ADHD will ask a lot of questions to get a better understanding of their present symptoms as well as their past and the impact that they have on their work, family, and relationships. They will also inquire whether any other mental issues are present, like depression or anxiety. Cognitive behavioral therapy is a structured kind of counseling that teaches you how to manage your behavior and change negative thinking patterns to positive ones. It focuses on boosting self-esteem and self control by teaching you how to manage anger and stress. This is a short-term option that can be utilized alongside other types of psychotherapy. Individual therapy helps those with ADHD to overcome the emotional baggage that comes from failing and underachievement. It can also help them deal with conflicts in relationships or job changes as well as academic issues. It can help you develop strategies for managing stress and coping and teach you how to manage your time and money more effectively. It can also address comorbid disorders such as depression and anxiety which are frequently associated with ADHD.